Islamic History and Literature

The formation of the waqf (endowment) institution in Azerbaijani history is closely linked to the principles of Islamic law. This article explores the religious significance of zakat, sadaqah and waqf and their role in promoting social justice and shaping the religious-cultural environment within Muslim societies. Based on fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) norms, the classification of land ownership into state lands, waqf lands and private property is examined through historical evidence. Drawing on primary sources, the study investigates the drafting of waqf deeds, the activities of mutawallis and the management of waqf assets in 15th-16th century Azerbaijan. The transformation of Rais Baraka’s property into waqf, his conflict with Isfahan governor Haji Kövsec Bayandur and the restoration of waqf rights under Shah Ismail are presented as historical case studies. Additionally, the collection of waqf documents related to the mausoleum of Sheikh Safi, the compilation of the “Sarih al-Mulk” register are analyzed. The article concludes that the waqf institution fulfilled significant religious-legitimizing, socio-economic and administrative functions in Azerbaijani statehood. By comparing the legal foundations of waqf with Qur’anic verses and examining its practical implementation through historical sources, the study reveals the multifaceted role of waqf in the region’s Islamic governance and cultural heritage.