This issue showcases the unique breadth of interdisciplinary study which incorporates elements of both molecular biology and ecology and applications of these disciplines. This is represented by 18 studies that span geography and themes of research that illustrates the complex interactions among the genetic, environmental and organismic components of organismic responses to stressors and their resilience. In addition, this volume highlights the ability of scientific inquiry to identify mechanisms that can provide insights into diagnostics, conservation and therapeutics in order to address the growing list of global problems such as metabolic disorders, environmental stressors and loss of biodiversity. A number of the studies presented focus upon the investigation of metabolic and genetic adaptation.