Advances in Biology & Earth Sciences

This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the morphological and pomological characteristics of 36 local and introduced genotypes of European olive (Olea europaea L.) in Azerbaijan and assesses their diversity for breeding and conservation purposes. During three consecutive years of research conducted from 2021 to 2024, 21 key traits associated with fruits, seeds and leaves were measured using standard methods. Modern statistical methods, including correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering methods, were used to comprehensively measure quantitative and qualitative indicators. The obtained results show that there is significant variability of morphological and pomological characteristics in the gene pool of the Azerbaijani olive. In particular, wide variability was observed in traits such as fruit size (length 1.70-5.00 cm, diameter 1.20-2.40 cm), weight (1.70-7.50 g) and pulp ratio (71.4-87.0%). The high variability of these indicators (CV up to 41.92%) clearly demonstrates high genetic diversity and selection potential. Statistical analysis showed that there is a strong correlation between fruit and stone characteristics. In particular, the high positive correlation (r=0.89) found between fruit diameter and weight is of particular importance for practical breeding work. The results of the principal component analysis show that fruit size and weight are the main distinguishing features between genotypes (6 principal components explain 82% of the total variation). As a result of cluster analysis, the genotypes were divided into four separate groups, which clearly demonstrate the morphological diversity of the gene pool of the Azerbaijani olive. Large-fruited and high-yielding genotypes deserve special attention, as they are of particular importance for creating new promising varieties under the conditions of Azerbaijan. The results of this research are important not only in terms of assessing the potential for olive cultivation in Azerbaijan, but also provide a scientific basis for the creation of new varieties adapted to this region. The information obtained has practical significance in terms of the protection and rational use of the olive gene pool, as well as the development of agricultural production. This approach can contribute to the further development of olive growing in Azerbaijan and the production of competitive products. The research results also provide valuable information on the conservation and use of olive genetic resources on a global scale.